SerranoNotes+-+Chap+5+and+6+Clauses+-+Rules+with+examples

Chapter 5 Rules & Examples – Independent Clauses


 * 1) **Independent clause** – [subject + verb], complete thought

2. coordinating conjunctions a. [and, but,  for,  or,  nor,  so,  not,  yet] + comma [, ]

//1.// Example: //Ulysses granted a sum of 25 cents for the// //Rhineland// //__Project, but the__ funding still failed to reach the expected goal.//

ii. **__No comma__** for __2 direct objects__, __2 verbs__ and/or verb phrases. Comma is __allowed only when there are 2 independent clauses__ [subject + verb]

//1.// Example: //Pencil was __Wise and lazy__.// 3. Semicolons [;] //a.// Example: //James typed slowly and wrote quickly; Daves typed quickly and wrote slowly.//

b. [;] + Conjunctive/transitional adverbs

i. [however, moreover,  nevertheless, therefore, then, accordingly, otherwise, thus, hence, besides, consequently]

//1.// Example: //Maxter was quick on his slow computer while Cris was slow on his fast __computer; thus__ neither fared better than the other in the multiplayer match.//

ii. __For longer adverbs, put__ [, ]

//1.// Example: //The Regis Technology combines the Aegis missile defense system with the Reggie technology that enables turrets to target fast-moving projectiles through digital imaging; __consequently, the__ upgraded destroyer has performed better in the intercepting tests.//

iii. Hints: __distinguish between conjunctions and adverbs__ by __moving back__ the term/word __past the semicolon__.

//1.// Example: //The Regis Technology combines the Aegis missile defense system with the Reggie technology that enables turrets to target fast-moving projectiles through digital imaging; the upgraded destroyer __has, consequently, performed__ better in the intercepting tests.//

4. Coordinating conjunctions + Semicolons [;] a. If the __clauses__ are __filled with commas within__ them, then use [;] with conjunctions

//1.// Example: //Being a woman and, secretly, a man, Sir Rano, the head philosopher at the// //Oxford// //University////, was able to transcend the physical barriers and observe the true form of __the neuter; on the other hand__, Scot, both male and neuter, could not conceive the female alterity.//

5. Commas [, ] a. __3 or more short independent clauses__ __internally divided__ __by several coordinating conjunctions__

//i.// Example: //The students were __seated, the__ __lights were__ __lit, and__ the lecture began.//

6. Errors a. Comma Splice

i. __2 independent clauses with no coordinating conjunction__ (+semicolon)

1. Example: //God is dead –__Niesche, Niesche__ is dead – God.//

//a.// Correct: //God is dead –__Niesche; Niesche__ is dead – God.// //b.// Correct: //God is dead –__Niesche; however, Niesche__ is dead – God.// //c.// Correct: //God is dead –__Niesche, but Niesche__ is dead – God.//

b. Run-together Sentence i. __2 independent clauses with no punctuation & coordinating conjunction__

//1.// Example: //They make assumptions about his __faults they__ are mistaken.//

//a.// Correct: //They think it committed many __wrongs, but they__ are mistaken.// //b.// Correct: //They think it committed many __wrongs; they__ are mistaken.// //c.// Correct: //They think it committed many __wrongs. They__ are mistaken.// //d.// Correct: //While they think it committed many __wrongs, they__ are mistaken.//

Chapter 6 Rules & Examples – Dependent Clauses


 * 1) **Dependent clause** – [subject + verb], incomplete thought

2. Functions: noun & adj & adv

a. Noun: i. Introduced by: [NOT EXCLUSIVE]

1. That 2. What 3. Why 4. Whether 5. Who 6. Which 7. How 8. Where 9. When

ii. Sub-groups a. Example: __What you see__ is only a reflection of lies on truth.
 * 1.** **Subject**


 * 2.** **Complement**: **[__direct object__]**, **[__indirect object__]**, [**__predicate noun__]**, [__predicate adjective__**]**, **[**__objective complement__**]**

a. Example: //Truth is __that is truth__.// [**pn]** b. Example: //That eradicates __what eradicates it__.// [**do]** c. Example: //That provides __whatever exists in the status quo__ no alternative in place of extinction.// **[io]**


 * 3.** **Object of preposition**

a. Example: //The status quo was, is, and will inevitabilize the consequence of __what is in the status quo, governed by the laws of the cosmos__.//


 * 4.** **Appositive**

a. Example: //The fact __that the laws of physics applies in space both backward and forward in time__ makes the current and the future alternatives to the status quo inherently the status quo.// b. Adjective: i. Introduced by: [NOT EXCLUSIVE]

1. Who (+whom & whose) 2. Which 3. That 4. Where 5. When 6. Why

ii. Classified as: 1) **essential** (restrictive) 2) **nonessential** (nonrestrictive) iii. Essential clauses are “__essential” for the sentence to make sense__; __nonessential__ can be omitted __without changing the main meaning__ of the sentence. iv. __Nonessential clauses__ are __set off__ from the rest of the sentence by __commas__.

1. Example: **Essential**: //The agent __that challenges the “status quo”__ is dead//; //thus the “status quo”, with nothing to correct it, inevitably results in extinction.//

a. “The agent is dead” is too broad and has no meaning.

//2.// Example: **Nonessential**: //Yi Sun-shin, __the Left Naval Commander of the Jeolla Province__, defeated the Japanese fleet of 300 vessels with a remnant squadron of 12 ships at the Battle of Myeong-ryang, all the while not losing a single ship.//

a. “Yi Sun-sin” is specific. The adjective clause is simply an added description of the name.

c. Adverb

i. Introduced by a **[subordinating conjunction]** ii. Use:

1. time, place a. Example: **time**: //Admiral Yi’s 12 ships did not engage the Japanese fleet __until the enemy ships were completely lured into the narrow straits__.// i. Before, as, whenever…. b. Example: **place**: //The Japanese ships followed __where the Korean ships led.__// i. **//Whence, whither//**, wherever…

2. cause, purpose, result, condition a. Example: **cause**: //__Since wood expands and hardens by absorbing water,__ the Korean ships held together by wooden pegs were much stronger than the Japanese ships nailed with iron, which oxidizes and corroded in water.// i. Because, since, as… b. Example: **purpose**: //The Japanese ships suspended cannons in air by ropes __so that the hull of the ship would not be damaged by the impact of firing the cannons.__// i. **//In order that//**, so that, that… c. Example: **result**: //The Japanese ships, built mainly for speed and transportation, were so light __that they could not hold more than a few cannons.__// i. So that, such that… d. Example: **condition**: //Despite lacking the muskets that the Japanese troops were armed with, the Koreans could destroy the Japanese ships successfully __if they remained outside of the range of the Japanese guns while keeping the enemies in range of their cannons and rockets.__// i. If, unless… 3. concession, manner a. Example: **concession**: //Despite lacking the muskets that the Japanese troops were armed with, the Koreans could destroy the Japanese ships successfully __if they remained outside of the range of the Japanese guns while keeping the enemies in range of their cannons and rockets.__// i. Though, although b. Example: **manner**: //The Japanese warships pursued the Korean vessels __as if they would easily win a victory.__// i. As, as if, as though… 4. comparison a. Example: **comparison**: //Although the Japanese fleet was __much larger than the Korean fleet__, the Japanese could not encircle the Korean formation because of the narrowness of the strait.// i. As, than…

b. **__Comparison contains ellipsis__**: “much larger than the Korean fleet __[__was__]__.” __Omits the verb.__

3. 4 Types a. Simple i. 1 independent clause, 1 subject & 1 predicate ii. Example: //I will cause it.//

b. Compound i. 2 independent clauses, no dependent clause ii. Example: //I will bring it about, and you will experience it.//

c. Complex i. 1 independent clause, and one or more dependent clauses ii. Example: //When I will complete it you will not know.//

d. Compound-complex i. 2 or more independent clauses & 1 or more dependent clauses. ii. Example: //I will make it, and you will not see how I will do it or when I will have done it.//

4. Tips a. Way to differentiate: i. __Without noun__ clause, __no complete__ sentence; __without adverbial or adjective__ clause, __still complete__.

ii. **NOHOW To DisTiNguish b/W NOUN [__APpositive__] & ADJECTIVE clauses:** 1. **__“which”__** à ALWAYS adjective clause 2. **__“that”__**à Noun appositive clause OR adjective clause; a. If the clause __makes sense__ as a subject, then it is __appositive__; if the clause sounds __awkward__, then it is __adjective__.

//3.// Example: **That**: **Appositive**: //His belief __that all people are created equal__ caused Gandhi to reject the caste system in his country.//

4. Example: **That**: **Adjective**: //His belief __that also inspired Martin Luther King, Jr.__ caused Gandhi to reject the caste system in his country.//

5. Example: **Which**: **Adjective**: //His belief __which also inspired Martin Luther King, Jr.__ caused Gandhi to reject the caste system in his country.//